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1.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 75(1): 29-36, Feb. 2015. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-750508

ABSTRACT

La diarrea es una complicación frecuente y potencialmente grave del trasplante renal. Se describen aquí, en un estudio de corte transversal, las características epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de la diarrea aguda y persistente en pacientes internados con trasplante renal o reno-páncreas. Se incluyeron 52 pacientes internados en un hospital de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 42 (80.8%) habían recibido un trasplante renal y 10 (19.2%) reno-páncreas. La diarrea fue el motivo de ingreso en 34 casos (65.4%). La etiología de la diarrea pudo estudiarse en 50 pacientes: en 25 (50%) no se arribó a un diagnóstico etiológico y en 18 (36%) se constató diarrea con causa microbiológica específica: 3 (6%) enfermedad por citomegalovirus, 6 (12%) diarrea atribuida a citomegalovirus, 5 (10%) a rotavirus y 4 (8%) a Clostridium difficile. En 7 (14%) la diarrea fue atribuida a fármacos (mofetil micofenolato y sirolimus). Aquellos con diarrea con causa microbiológica habían recibido recientemente inmunosupresores a altas dosis con mayor frecuencia que el resto (p = 0.048). Los pacientes con diarrea atribuida a fármacos recibían más frecuentemente mofetil micofenolato (p = 0.039). En 16 (30.8%) se realizaron modificaciones de los inmunosupresores como medida terapéutica, y a 47 (90.4%) se les indicó antibioticoterapia empírica. La mediana de duración de internación fue de 6 días y 7 pacientes (14.6%) persistieron con diarrea al quinto día. Todos tuvieron resolución de la diarrea al alta y un tercio persistió con insuficiencia renal. La información de este estudio puede servir para mejorar las medidas preventivas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas en estos pacientes.


Diarrhea is a frequent and potentially severe complication of kidney transplantation. We describe here, in a cross-sectional study, the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of acute and persistent diarrhea in 52 inpatients with kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant in a hospital in Buenos Aires, 42 (80.8%) of whom had received a kidney and 10 (19.2%) a kidney-pancreas transplant. Diarrhea was the reason of admission of 34 cases (65.4%). The etiology could be studied in 50 patients: 25 (50%) had no etiological diagnosis of diarrhea and 18 (36%) had a specific infectious etiology: 3 (6%) cytomegalovirus disease, 6 (12%) diarrhea attributed to cytomegalovirus, 5 (10%) to rotavirus and 4 (8%) to Clostridium difficile. In 7 (14%) diarrhea was attributed to drugs (mycophenolate mofetil and sirolimus). Patients with infectious diarrhea had recently received high doses of immunosuppressive therapy more frequently than the rest (p = 0.048). Those with diarrhea attributed to drugs were more frequently on mycophenolate mofetil than the rest (p = 0.039). Empirical modification of the immunosuppressive treatment was done in 16 (30.8%) and empirical antibiotic therapy was given to 47 patients (90.4%). Median length of hospital stay was 6 days. Seven patients (14.6%) persisted with diarrhea at the fifth day of admission. At hospital discharge all cases had complete resolution of symptoms and one third persisted with kidney failure. Information provided in this study can be useful as a starting point for improving preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic measures in these patients.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Clostridium Infections/complications , Cytomegalovirus Infections/complications , Diarrhea/etiology , Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects , Pancreas Transplantation/adverse effects , Rotavirus Infections/complications , Cross-Sectional Studies , Clostridioides difficile/isolation & purification , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data
2.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 70(5): 401-407, oct. 2010. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633776

ABSTRACT

Se describen pacientes hospitalizados en una unidad de terapia intensiva por enfermedad respiratoria aguda grave con características de influenza durante los primeros meses de la pandemia por influenza A(H1N1) 2009 en la Argentina. Evaluamos datos clínicos, scores de gravedad, pruebas de laboratorio, microbiología y radiología torácica al ingreso, evolución y mortalidad hospitalaria, comparando pacientes con y sin confirmación de H1N1 por test de reacción de polimerasa en cadena, transcriptasa reversa (RT-PCR). Entre junio y julio de 2009 se internaron 31 pacientes adultos con una mediana de edad de 54 años (percentilo 25-75: 33-66). Presentaron test positivo para H1N1, 17 pacientes. Tenían al menos una condición concurrente 16 pacientes. La expresión radiográfica más frecuente fue infiltrados intersticio-alveolares bilaterales en 20 casos; 5 tenían consolidación lobar unilateral. La coinfección bacteriana (aislamiento de bacterias o IgM positiva para infecciones bacterianas), se demostró en 21 pacientes. Requirieron ventilación mecánica 23 pacientes y 18 desarrollaron síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA). La linfopenia y elevación de creatinina-fosfoquinasa fue frecuente (83% y 65%, respectivamente). Los 6 pacientes que murieron (19%) eran mayores de 75 años o tenían cáncer o inmunodepresión. El tratamiento antiviral temprano (≤ 48 horas) se asoció a menor necesidad de ventilación mecánica (54% vs. 89%; p: 0.043). No hubo diferencia significativa en las variables analizadas entre el grupo H1N1 positivo y el negativo, lo que sugiere tener igual enfoque terapéutico frente a una epidemia. La infección por H1N1 determinó falla respiratoria aguda y SDRA. La mortalidad ocurrió en pacientes añosos o con co-morbilidades graves.


We describe characteristics of patients admitted to our intensive care unit with severe acute respiratory illness and influenza-like syndrome during the first months of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 in Argentina. We analyzed clinical data, severity scores, laboratory tests, microbiological and radiological findings at admission, clinical outcomes and in-hospital mortality. H1N1 was confirmed by RT-PCR. Data from positive and negative PCR patients were compared. We admitted 31 adult patients between June and July 2009; median age: 54 years (IQR 33-66). A 54% (17) had positive PCR; 16 patients presented underlying medical conditions. Bilateral interstitial opacities were observed in chest radiography in 20 cases; 5 had unilateral lobar consolidation. Bacterial co-infection (isolation or IgM antibodies for bacterial infections) was found in 21 patients. Mechanical ventilation was required in 23 patients and 18 developed ARDS. Lymphopenia and increased creatine kinase levels were frequently observed (83% and 65% among PCR+ and PCR- respectively). Six patients died (19%); they were all over 75 years old, had cancer or immune-suppression. Early antiviral treatment (≤ 48 hours from symptoms onset) was associated with less frequency of mechanical ventilation (54% vs. 89%, p: 0.043). There were no differences in analyzed variables when comparing H1N1 positive and H1N1 negative patients; which suggests this approach as a most correct in future epidemic outbreaks. H1N1 infection was associated with severe respiratory illness and ARDS. Fatal outcome was observed in very old patients, or in those with major co-morbidities.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Humans , Middle Aged , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza, Human/complications , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Pandemics/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Tract Diseases/virology , Argentina/epidemiology , Hospital Mortality , Influenza, Human/mortality , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Respiratory Tract Diseases/mortality , Respiratory Tract Diseases/therapy , Time Factors
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